Ludwig van Beethoven was regarded as a revolutionary (but also an eccentric) in his time, while for subsequent generations he became the epitome of the Classical (and, for many, of what was finest in music). The turbulent reception history of his monumental Symphony No. 9 in D minor proves that the significance of a work is never defined once and for all. It has fascinated not only musicians and listeners with different tastes, but also representatives of different political options and adherents of extreme ideologies. Along the way, it has encountered both nationalism and hope-giving universalism. Today, one of the themes of the Symphony’s finale, considered by some of Beethoven’s contemporaries to be a sign of extravagance, is one of the most recognisable melodies in Western musical culture and is known as the anthem of the European Union.
